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考點1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞（助動詞有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化）

1).一般現(xiàn)在時：is /am /are +過去分詞

English is spoken by many people.

Tea is grown in Southeast China.

Are they made in China ?

Where is it made ?

2).一般過去時：was / were +過去分詞

A lot of flowers were planted along the street last month.

Another classroom building was built last year .

Some new computers were inverted by scientists.

3).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：is / am /are + being+過去分詞

A new bridge is being built over there .

The flowers are being watered by Mr Li now .

4).現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has +been+過去分詞

Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries in the world.

The work has been finished on time.

5).一般將來時：will /shall/be going to+be+過去分詞

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The wind will be stopped from blowing the earth away.

6).含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：can /may /must +過去分詞

The work can be finished in a month.

A large hole must be dug .

Books can’t be taken out of the reading room .

考點2、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)

1).主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語。（賓語是人稱代詞時，要將賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘢?/p>

2).主動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。

3).主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞之后，在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時，by短語可以省略。

4).主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，時態(tài)要保持一致。

We repaired the motor.→The motor was repaired by us.

考點3、被動語態(tài)的用法

1).當(dāng)我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時.

Those books are written for children.

This jacket is made of cotton.

2).動作的承受者是談話的中心，并用介詞by引導(dǎo)動作的執(zhí)行者。

Food is needed by us all .

The room is cleaned by me every day .

The book was translated into English by me .

This song was written by a friend of mine .

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .

The tree was blown down by the strong wind .

3).一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語動詞也可用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，因此短語動詞是一個不可分割的詞組，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。

The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .

Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary?

The lights must be turned off .

A short play will be put on at the party .

4).帶雙賓語（即直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，可將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，另一個不變。一般把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語顯得自然些，把直接賓語留作被動句的賓語。如果把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，則要在間接賓語前加介詞（一般是for或to）

He gave me a book. →I was given a book (by him )

                   →A book was given to me (by him).

5).主動句中動詞make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，動詞不定式都需去掉to，即后接不帶的動詞不定式。但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，后面的不定式須加上to .

I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.

His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.

→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.

6).疑問詞作主語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。

Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?

→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?

Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?

7)有些動詞的主動語態(tài)表被動含義。

Great changes have taken place in our country since 1979.

This kind of car sells well .

What happened yesterday ?

The shop opens at seven .

Young trees need watering well .

The window wants repairing.

8)need , require , want當(dāng)“需要”講時，后加動名詞，用主動形式表示被動意義，也可用動詞不定式表示被動意義。

This desk needs repairing/ to be repaired .

9)有些被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)成了習(xí)慣用法。

It is said that…據(jù)說……

It is (was) reported that…據(jù)報道……

It is well-known that…眾所周知……

非謂語動詞也叫動詞的非限定形式，包括現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞、過去分詞和不定式，它們不能獨立充當(dāng)謂語動詞，而是與一定的助動詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時、完成時、被動語態(tài)，或在句子中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、狀語等，在形式上不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的制約。

考點1、動名詞：動名詞是由動詞+ -ing構(gòu)成的，其作用相當(dāng)于名詞，可用來作主語、賓語。

Taking a walk after supper is good for your health .

Betty likes reading books very much .

考點2、動詞不定式：動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能做謂語。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語，它還具有動詞的特點，可以有自己的賓語和狀語。它的形式是to+動詞原形，否定式為not to+動詞原形。

(1)作主語：動詞不定式作主語時，常用it作形式主語（it無詞義），而將動詞不定式放在后面，其形式為：It+be+形容詞+（for sb.）+ 動詞不定式

To learn a foreign language is important now.

→It is important to learn a foreign language.

It’s necessary for the students to do eye exercises twice a day.

It’s too heavy for the boy to carry the box. .

It takes him a quarter to cut the hair .

(2)作賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語

①動詞不定式一般不作介詞賓語，常作及物動詞的賓語，這些動詞有want,begin ,start , like ,forget ,ask ,learn, decide , wish等

The boy wants to go to school.

He began to learn French three years ago .

②動詞不定式在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語用得很廣泛，如：

He asked me to help him.

Tell him not to be late .

My parents tell me to study English hard .

I would like you to meet my English teacher .

③動詞不定式在感官動詞see,watch,hear,feel和使役動詞let, make,have等詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，常省去不定式符號to 。另外在had better后也不帶to ，help后可帶可不帶to .

I hear him sing every night .

Let’s go to school together .

Her mother makes her do her homework every evening .

You’d better stay at home .

I often help my mother (to) do some washing .

④疑問詞+不定式作賓語，如：

He didn’t know where he should go .

→He didn’t know where to go .

I don’t know what I should do .

→I don’t know what to do .

We haven’t decided when we’ll leave here .

→We haven’t decided when to leave here .

(3)作表語，在系動詞之后作表語

Her work is to look after the babies.

(4)作定語，動詞不定式作定語，需放在被修飾的名詞之后。

   I have quite a lot of homework to do .

(5)作狀語，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果

   He came here to see his father .

   I’m sorry to hear that .

   Tom is too young to go to school.